March
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March 1
March 1, 1781 - Formal ratification of the Articles
of Confederation was announced by Congress. Under the Articles,
Congress was the sole governing body of the new American national government,
consisting of the 13 original states. The Articles remained in effect
through the Revolutionary
War until 1789, when the current U.S. Constitution was adopted.
March 1, 1932 - The 20-month-old son of aviation pioneer Charles A. Lindbergh was
kidnapped from his home in Hopewell, New Jersey. The Lindberghs then
paid a $50,000 ransom. However, on May 12, the boy's body was found
in a wooded area a few miles from the house.
March 1, 1961 - President John F. Kennedy established the Peace Corps, an organization sending young American
volunteers to developing countries to assist with health care, education
and other basic human needs.
March 1, 1974 - Seven former high-ranking officials of the Nixon White House were
indicted for conspiring to obstruct the investigation into the Watergate
break-in. Among those indicted; former chief of staff H.R. Haldeman, former top aide John Ehrlichman, and
former attorney general John Mitchell.
Birthday - American band leader Glenn Miller (1904-1944) was born in Carilinda,
Iowa. His music gained enormous popularity during the 1940's through
recordings such as Moonlight Serenade and String of Pearls.
On December 15, 1944, his plane disappeared over the English Channel
while en route to Paris where he was scheduled to perform.
March 2
March 2, 1943 - During World War
II in the Pacific, a Japanese convoy was attacked by 137 American
bombers as the Battle of Bismarck Sea began. The convoy included eight
destroyers and eight transports carrying 7,000 Japanese soldiers heading
toward New Guinea. Four destroyers and all eight transports were sunk,
resulting in 3,500 Japanese drowned, ending Japanese efforts to send
reinforcements to New Guinea.
Birthday - American soldier and politician Sam
Houston (1793-1863) was born in Rockbridge County, Virginia. As
a teenager he ran away and joined the Cherokee Indians who accepted
him as a member of their tribe. He later served as a Congressman and
Governor of Tennessee. In 1832, he became commander of the Texan army
in the War for Texan Independence, defeating the larger Mexican army
in 1836 at the Battle of San Jacinto. He then served as Senator and
Governor of the new state of Texas but was removed in 1861 after refusing
to swear allegiance to the Confederacy.
March 3
March 3, 1913 - A women's suffrage march in
Washington D.C. was attacked by angry onlookers while police stood by.
The march occurred the day before Woodrow Wilson's inauguration. Many
of the 5,000 women participating were spat upon and struck in the face
as a near riot ensued. Secretary of War Henry Stimson then ordered soldiers
from Fort Myer to restore order.
Birthday - Railroad car builder George Pullman (1831-1897) was born in Brocton,
New York. He improved railroad sleeping accommodations, developing the
folding upper berth and lower berth designs. His company went on to
become the biggest railroad car building
organization in the world.
Birthday - Telephone inventor Alexander Graham Bell (1847-1922) was born in Edinburgh,
Scotland. Bell and his father were involved in teaching deaf persons
to speak. Bell developed an interest in the vibrating membrane as a
method of electrically transmitting sounds. His very first sentence
spoken on the newly invented telephone on March 10, 1876, was to his assistant, "Mister Watson, come here,
I want you."
March 4
March 4, 1681 - King Charles II of England granted a huge tract of land in the New
World to William Penn to settle an outstanding debt. The area later
became Pennsylvania.
March 4, 1789 - The first meeting of the new Congress under the new U.S. Constitution
took place in New York City.
March 4, 1830 - Former President John Quincy Adams returned to Congress as a representative from Massachusetts. He was
the first ex-president ever to return to the House and served eight
consecutive terms.
March 4, 1933 - Newly elected President Franklin D. Roosevelt took office and delivered his first
inaugural address attempting to restore public confidence during
the Great Depression, stating, "Let me assert my firm belief
that the only thing we have to fear is fear itself..." His cabinet appointments included the first woman
to a Cabinet post, Secretary of Labor, Frances Perkins.
Birthday - Revolutionary war hero Casimir
Pulaski (1747-1779) was born in Poland. Before aiding in the American
Revolution, he was a military leader in Poland's struggle against Imperial Russia.
He joined the Americans in 1777 and fought alongside General Washington
at Brandywine, then served at Germantown and Valley Forge. He was mortally
wounded during a heroic charge in the Siege of Savannah, Georgia.
Birthday - American football legend Knute Rockne (1888-1931) was born in Voss,
Norway. He coached the Notre Dame Football team for 13 seasons, amassing
an overall record of 105 wins, 12 losses and 5 ties. He became famous
for his locker room pep talks and the saying, "Win one for the
Gipper." He was killed in an airplane crash on March 31, 1931,
in Kansas.
March 5 Return
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March 5, 1770 - The Boston
Massacre occurred as a group of rowdy Americans harassed British
soldiers who then opened fire, killing five and injuring six. The first
man killed was Crispus Attucks, an African American. British Captain
Thomas Preston and eight of his men were arrested and charged with murder.
Their trial took place in October, with colonial lawyer John Adams defending
the British. Captain Preston and six of his men were acquitted. Two
others were found guilty of manslaughter, branded, then released.
March 5, 1868 - The U.S. Senate convened as a court
to hear charges against President Andrew Johnson during impeachment
proceedings. The House of Representatives had already voted to impeach
the President. The vote followed bitter opposition by the Radical Republicans
in Congress to Johnson's reconstruction policies in the South. However,
the effort to remove him failed in the Senate by just one vote and he
remained in office.
March 5, 1933 - Amid a steadily worsening economic situation, newly elected President Franklin
D. Roosevelt proclaimed a four-day "Bank Holiday" to stop
panic withdrawals by the public and the possible collapse of the American
banking system.
March 5, 1946 - The "Iron Curtain"
speech was delivered by Winston Churchill at Westminster College
in Fulton, Missouri. Churchill used the term to describe the boundary
in Europe between free countries of the West and nations of Eastern
Europe under Soviet Russia's control.
March 6
March 6, 1836 - Fort Alamo fell to Mexican troops led by General Santa Anna. The Mexicans
had begun the siege of the Texas fort on February 23rd, ending it with the
killing of the last defender. "Remember the Alamo" became
a rallying cry for Texans who went on to defeat Santa Anna in the Battle
of San Jacinto in April.
Birthday - Renaissance genius Michelangelo (1475-1564) was born in Caprese, Italy.
He was a painter, sculptor, architect, poet and visionary best known
for his fresco on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel and his sculptures David and The Pieta.
March 7
Birthday - Stephen Hopkins (1707-1785) was born in Providence, Rhode Island.
He was the state's colonial governor and was a signer of the Declaration
of Independence.
March 8
March 8, 1863 - During the American Civil War,
Confederate Colonel John Mosby, leader
of Mosby's Rangers, captured Union General E.H. Stoughton at his headquarters
in Fairfax County Courthouse, Virginia.
March 9
March 9, 1864 - Ulysses S. Grant was commissioned as a Lieutenant General and became commander of the Union armies.
Birthday - Italian explorer Amerigo Vespucci (1451-1512) was born in Florence,
Italy. He explored South America and the Amazon River, believing he
had discovered a new continent. In 1507, a German mapmaker first referred
to the lands discovered in the New World as America.
Birthday - Russian cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin (1934-1968) was born in Gzhatsk, Russia.
On April 12, 1961, he became the first human in space, orbiting in a capsule
187 miles above the Earth's surface in a flight lasting 108 minutes.
His space flight caused a worldwide sensation and marked the beginning
of the space race as the U.S. worked to catch up to the Russians and
launch an American into space. President John F. Kennedy later asserted
the U.S. would land a man on the moon before the end of the 1960's.
March 10 Return
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March 10, 1862 - The first issue of U.S. government paper money occurred as $5, $10
and $20 bills began circulation.
March 10, 1880 - The Salvation Army was founded in the United States. The social service
organization was first founded in England by William Booth and operates
today in 90 countries.
Birthday - Politician and playwright Claire Boothe
Luce (1903-1987) was born in New York City. She served in the House
of Representatives from 1943 to 1947 and then became the first woman
appointed as U.S. ambassador to a major country (Italy).
March 11
March 11, 1918 - The 'Spanish' influenza first reached America as 107 soldiers become
sick at Fort Riley, Kansas. One quarter of the U.S. population eventually
became ill from the deadly virus, resulting in 500,000 deaths. The death
toll worldwide approached 22 million by the end of 1920.
March 11, 1941 - During World War II, the Lend-Lease program began allowing Britain to receive American
weapons, machines, raw materials, training and repair services. Ships,
planes, guns and shells, along with food, clothing and metals went to
the embattled British while American warships began patrolling the North
Atlantic and U.S troops were stationed in Greenland and Iceland. "We
must be the great arsenal of democracy," President Roosevelt declared
concerning the fight against Hitler's Germany. The initial appropriation
was $7 Billion, but by 1946 the figure reached $50 Billion in aid from
the U.S. to its Allies.
Birthday - British prime minster and statesman Harold Wilson (1916-1995) was
born in Huddersfield, Yorkshire. As a young boy he once posed for a
photo in front of 10 Downing Street, the residence he occupied 40 years
later as head of the Labour government.
March 12
March 12, 1609 - The island of Bermuda was colonized by the British after a ship on
its way to Virginia was wrecked on the reefs.
March 12, 1888 - The Great Blizzard of '88 struck the northeastern U.S. The storm lasted
36 hours with snowfall totaling over 40 inches in New York City where
over 400 persons died from the surprise storm.
March 12, 1938 - Nazis invaded Austria, then absorbed the country into Hitler's Reich.
March 12, 1994 - The Church of England ordained 32 women as its first female priests.
In protest, 700 male clergy members and thousands of church members
left the church and joined the Roman Catholic Church which does not
allow women priests.
March 12, 1999 - Poland, Hungary and the Czech Republic became full-fledged members
of NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) less than ten years after exchanging communist rule for democracy
and ending their Cold War military alliances with Soviet Russia.
Birthday - The founder of modern Turkey, Mustafa Kemal Ataturk (1881-1938) was
born in Salonika, Greece. Following World War I, he led the Turkish
revolution and became Turkey's first president.
March 13
March 13, 1943 - A plot to kill Hitler by German army officers failed as a bomb planted
aboard his plane failed to explode due to a faulty detonator.
Birthday - Scientist and clergyman Joseph Priestly (1733-1804) was born in Yorkshire,
England. He discovered oxygen and advanced the religious theory of Unitarianism.
March 14
Birthday - Albert Einstein (1879-1955) was born in Ulm, Germany. His theory of
relativity led to new ways of thinking about time, space, matter and
energy. He received a Nobel Prize in 1921 and emigrated to the U.S.
in 1933 where he was an outspoken critic of Nazi Germany. Believing
the Nazis might develop an atomic bomb, he warned President Roosevelt
and urged the development of the U.S. Atomic bomb.
Birthday - The first female dentist, Lucy Hobbs (1833-1910) was born in New York
state. She received her degree in 1866 from the Ohio College of Dental
Surgery and was a women's rights advocate.
March 15 Return
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March 15, 44 B.C. - Julius Caesar was assassinated in the Senate chamber in Rome by Brutus
and fellow conspirators. After first trying to defend himself against
the murderous onslaught, Caesar saw Brutus with a knife and asked "Et
tu, Brute?" (You too, Brutus?) Caesar then gave up the struggle
and was stabbed to death.
Birthday - Andrew Jackson (1767-1845) the
7th U.S. President was born in a log cabin in Waxhaw, South Carolina.
As a boy he volunteered to serve in the American Revolution. Captured
by the British, he refused an order to clean an officer's boots and
was slashed by his sword. Jackson later gained fame as a hero during
the War of 1812. In politics he helped form the new Democratic Party
and became the first man from an impoverished background to be elected
President, serving from 1829 to 1837.
March 16
March 16, 1968 - During the Vietnam War, the My Lai Massacre occurred as American soldiers
of Charlie Company murdered 504 Vietnamese men, women, and children.
Twenty-five U.S. Army officers were later charged with complicity in
the massacre and subsequent cover-up, but only one was convicted, and
later pardoned by President Richard Nixon.
March 16, 1968 - New York Senator Robert Kennedy announced his intention to run for
the Democratic presidential nomination.
Birthday - James Madison (1751-1836) the 4th U.S. President was born in Port Conway, Virginia.
He played an important role in the formation of the new U.S. Constitution
following the American
Revolutionary War. During the War of 1812, President Madison was
forced to flee Washington, D.C,. while the British attacked and burned
the White House and other important public buildings.
March 17
March 17th - Celebrated as Saint Patrick's Day commemorating the patron saint of
Ireland.
March 17, 1776 - Early in the American
Revolutionary War the British completed their evacuation of Boston
following a successful siege conducted by Patriots. The event is still commemorated
in Boston as Evacuation Day.
Birthday - U.S. Supreme Court Justice Roger B. Taney (1777-1864) was born in
Calvert County, Maryland. He became the 5th Chief Justice in 1836, best
known for the Dred Scott decision.
March 18
March 18, 1974 - The five-month-old Arab oil embargo against the U.S. was lifted. The
embargo was in retaliation for American support of Israel during the
Yom Kipper War of 1973 in which Egypt and Syria suffered a crushing
defeat. In the U.S., the resulting embargo had caused long lines at
gas stations as prices soared 300 percent amid shortages and a government
ban on Sunday gas sales.
Birthday - Grover Cleveland (1837-1908)
the 22nd and 24th U.S. president was born in Caldwell, New Jersey. He
was the only president to serve two nonconsecutive terms and was also
the only president to be married in the White House.
March 19
March 19, 2003 - The United States launched an attack against Iraq to topple dictator Saddam Hussein from power. The attack commenced with aerial strikes against military sites, followed the next day by an invasion of southern Iraq by U.S. and British ground troops. The troops made rapid progress northward and conquered the country's capital, Baghdad, just 21 days later, ending the rule of Saddam.
Birthday - William Bradford (1589-1657) was born in Yorkshire, England. He sailed
aboard the Mayflower during its 66-day voyage from Plymouth,
England to Massachusetts in 1620. The small ship carried over 100 passengers
and a crew of 30. It was originally bound for Virginia but landed far
north on Cape Cod. The Mayflower
Compact was then drawn up as a form of government. Bradford became
the first governor of the new Plymouth Colony, serving a total of 30
years, and was largely responsible for its success.
Birthday - Explorer and medical missionary David Livingstone (1813-1873) was
born in Blantyre, Scotland. He arrived at Cape Town, Africa, in 1841
and began extensive missionary explorations, often traveling into areas
that had never seen a white man. In his later years, he sought the source
of the Nile River. He also became the subject of the famous search by
news correspondent Henry Stanley who located him in 1871 near Lake Tanganyika
in Africa after a difficult search and simply asked, "Dr. Livingstone,
I presume?"
Birthday - Wyatt
Earp (1848-1929) was born in Monmouth,
Illinois. He became a legendary figure in the Wild West as a lawman
and gunfighter, best known for the shootout at the O.K. Corral in 1881,
in which the Earp brothers (Wyatt, Virgil and Morgan) fought and defeated
the Ike Clanton gang.
Birthday - American politician William Jennings Bryan (1860-1925) was born in
Salem, Illinois. He was defeated three times as a candidate for the
presidency. He advocated a "free silver" monetary standard
through unlimited coinage of silver rather than the gold standard. During
a speech at the 1896 Democratic convention he electrified the delegates,
stating, "You shall not press down upon the brow of labor this
crown of thorns. You shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold!"
In 1925, he was the successful prosecutor in the Scopes 'monkey' trial
in which a teacher was convicted of violating Tennessee's Anti-Evolution
Bill forbidding the teaching of the theory of evolution. However, he
died just 5 days after the verdict.
March 20 Return
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March 20, 1995 - A nerve gas attack occurred on the Tokyo subway system during rush
hour resulting in 12 persons killed and 5,000 injured. Japanese authorities
later arrest the leader and members of a Japanese religious cult suspected
in the attack.
Birthday - American psychologist B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) was born in Susquehanna,
Pennsylvania. He pioneered theories of behaviorism and developed the
Skinner box, a controlled environment for studying behavior.
March 21
March 21, 1918 - During World War I, the Second Battle of the Somme began as German
General Erich von Ludendorff launched an all-out drive to win the war.
The battle began with a five-hour artillery barrage followed by a rush
of German troops. The offensive lasted until April 6th and resulted in
the Germans gaining about 35 miles of territory. Allied and German casualty
figures for both battles approached 500,000.
March 21, 1943 - A suicide/assassination plot by German Army officers against Hitler
failed as the conspirators were unable to locate a short fuse for the
bomb which was to be carried in the coat pocket of General von Gersdorff
to ceremonies Hitler was attending.
Birthday - Organist and composer Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750) was born in
Eissenach, Germany. His output included thousands of compositions, many
used in churches. Among his best known works; The Brandenburg Concertos for orchestra, The Well-Tempered Clavier for keyboard, the St.
John and St. Matthew passions, and the Mass in B Minor.
March 22
March 22, 1972 - The Equal Rights Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was passed by
the U.S. Senate and then sent to the states for ratification. The ERA,
as it became known, prohibited discrimination on the basis of gender,
stating, "Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied
or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex,"
and that "the Congress shall have the power to enforce, by appropriate
legislation, the provisions of this article." Although 22 of the
required 38 states quickly ratified the Amendment, opposition arose
over concerns that women would be subject to the draft and combat duty,
along with other legal concerns. The ERA eventually failed (by 3 states)
to achieve ratification despite an extension of the deadline to June
1982.
March 23
March 23, 1775 - Patrick Henry ignited the American
Revolution with a speech before the Virginia convention in Richmond, stating, "I know not
what course others may take; but as for me, give me liberty, or give
me death!"
March 24
March 24, 1934 - The Philippine Islands in the South Pacific were granted independence
by President Franklin D. Roosevelt after nearly 50 years of American
control.
March 24, 1989 - One of the largest oil spills in U.S. history occurred as the oil tanker Exxon
Valdez ran aground in Prince William Sound off Alaska, resulting
in 11 million gallons of oil leaking into the natural habitat over a
stretch of 45 miles.
Birthday - Harry Houdini (1874-1926) was born
(as Erik Weisz) in Budapest, Hungary. He came to the U.S. with his family
as an infant and lived in New York City. He began as a Coney Island
magician, then became a world famous escape artist, known for escaping
from chains, handcuffs, straightjackets, locked boxes and milk
cans filled with water. He died on Halloween 1926 from a burst
appendix and was buried in Queens, NY.
March 25 Return
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March 25, 1807 - The British Parliament abolished the slave trade following a long
campaign against it by Quakers and others.
March 25, 1911 - A raging fire erupted inside a garment factory in New York City killing 123 young women employed as low-paid seamstresses, along with 23 men. The fast-spreading flames engulfed the 8th and 9th floors of the Triangle Shirtwaist Company in lower Manhattan in just a few minutes. About 50 of the victims had jumped to their deaths rather than perish from the flames. The sensational tragedy spurred national interest concerning the rights of mostly-immigrant women workers of the New York garment industry who labored long hours six or seven days a week in cramped, dangerous conditions for about $5 weekly pay.
March 26
March 26, 1979 - The Camp David Accord ended 30 years of warfare between Israel and
Egypt. Prime Minster Menachem Begin of Israel and Egyptian President
Anwar Sadat signed the treaty of mutual recognition and peace, fostered
by U.S. President Jimmy Carter.
March 26, 1992 - Soviet Cosmonaut Serge Krikalev returned to a new country (Russia)
after spending 313 days on board the Mir Space Station. During his stay
in space, the Soviet Union (USSR) collapsed and became the Commonwealth
of Independent States.
Birthday - American playwright Tennessee Williams (1911-1983) was born in Columbus,
Mississippi. His works featured Southern settings and include; The
Glass Menagerie, Night of the Iguana, and two Pulitzer Prize
winning plays, A Streetcar Named Desire and Cat on a Hot Tin
Roof .
March 27
March 27, 1977 - The worst accident in the history of civil aviation occurred as two
Boeing 747 jets collided on the ground in the Canary Islands, resulting
in 570 deaths.
March 28
March 28, 1979 - Near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, the Three Mile Island nuclear power
plant accident occurred in which uranium in the reactor core overheated
due to the failure of a cooling valve. A pressure relief valve then
stuck causing the water level to plummet, threatening a catastrophic
nuclear meltdown. The accident resulted in the release of radioactive
steam into the atmosphere, and created a storm of controversy over the
necessity and safety of nuclear power plants.
March 29
March 29, 1979 - In the U.S. Congress, the House Select Committee on Assassinations
released its final report regarding the killings of John F. Kennedy,
Martin Luther King, and Robert Kennedy.
Birthday - John Tyler (1790-1862) the 10th
U.S. President was born in Charles City County, Virginia. He became
president upon the death of William
H. Harrison and served from 1841 to 1845. In 1861, Tyler was elected
to the Confederate Congress, but died before being seated.
March 30
March 30, 1981 - Newly elected President Ronald Reagan was shot in the chest while walking toward his limousine in Washington,
D.C., following a speech inside a hotel. The president was then rushed
into surgery to remove a 22-caliber bullet from his left lung. "I
should have ducked," Reagan joked. Three others were also hit including
Reagan's Press Secretary, James Brady, who was shot in the forehead
but survived. The president soon recovered from the surgery and returned
to his duties.
Birthday - Vincent Van Gogh (1853-1890) was born in Groot Zundert, Holland. He
was a Postimpressionist painter, generally considered the greatest Dutch
painter after Rembrandt. During his short (10-year) painting career
he produced over 800 oil paintings and 700 drawings, but sold only one
during his lifetime. In 1987, the sale of his painting Irises brought $53.9 million, the highest price ever paid for a work of art
up to that time. During his life, Van Gogh suffered from despair and
bouts of mental illness, at one point cutting off part of his own left
ear. He committed suicide in 1890 by gunshot.
March 31
March 31, 1933 - The Civilian Conservation Corps, the CCC, was founded. Unemployed
men and youths were organized into quasi-military formations and worked
outdoors in national parks and forests.
March 31, 1968 - President Lyndon Johnson made a surprise announcement that he would
not seek re-election as a result of the Vietnam conflict.
March 31, 1991 - The Soviet Republic of Georgia, birthplace of Josef
Stalin, voted to declare its independence from Soviet Russia,
after similar votes by Lithuania, Estonia and Latvia. Following the
vote in Georgia, Russian troops were dispatched from Moscow under a state
of emergency.
Birthday - Franz Joseph Haydn (1732-1809) was born in Rohrau, Austria. Considered
the father of the symphony and the string quartet, his works include
107 symphonies, 50 divertimenti, 84 string quartets, 58 piano sonatas,
and 13 masses. Based in Vienna, Mozart was his friend and Beethoven
was a pupil.
Birthday - Boxing champion Jack Johnson (1878-1946) was born in Galveston, Texas.
He was the first African American to win the heavyweight boxing title.
(Photo and picture credits:
Library of Congress and U.S. National Archives)
